Table 6. Causality of climate variables on production of whole crop maize in the central inland region of Korea with 5% significance level

Pathways	Estimate	Standardized weights	SE	t-value	p-value
Production → DMY	1	1.02
Production → FMY	3.32	0.78	0.11	30.98	< 0.05
Production → TDNY	0.68	0.98	0.01	127.2	< 0.05
Rain_SS → SSSD	1	1.25
Rain_SS → SSRA	1.47	0.53	0.17	8.82	< 0.05
Heat_SS → SSWS	1	0.83
Heat_SS → SSHT	3.08	0.74	0.80	3.86	< 0.05
Heat_SS → SSRH	−1.26	−0.07	0.45	−2.82	< 0.05
Temp_SS → SSST	1	0.16
Temp_SS → SSGDD	84.56	0.13	18.55	4.56	< 0.05
Temp_SS → SSLT	0.87	0.12	0.25	3.56	< 0.05
Temp_SH → SHSD	1	1.16
Temp_SH → SHGDD	0.75	0.2	0.10	7.35	< 0.05
Temp_SH → SHHT	0.01	0.27	0.01	7.37	< 0.05
Temp_SH → SHST	0.01	0.34	0.01	10.16	< 0.05
Rain_SH → SHRA	1	0.31
Rain_SH →SHRH	0.07	0.88	0.01	5.05	< 0.05
Rain_SS → Rain_SH	0.36	0.19	0.09	3.81	< 0.05
Rain_SS → Temp_SS	0.01	1	0.01	5.91	< 0.05
Temp_SS → Temp_SH	54.91	0.3	10.80	5.08	< 0.05
Rain_SH → Temp_SH	−0.26	−0.51	0.03	−10.12	< 0.05
Heat_SS → Production	−1,428.49	−0.09	693.88	−2.06	< 0.05
Temp_SH → Production	14.79	0.13	4.06	3.64	< 0.05
Temp_SS → Production	2,622.64	0.12	780.02	3.36	< 0.05

DMY, dry matter yield; FMY, fresh matter yield; TDNY, total digestible nutrients yield; SS, seeding-silking; SSSD, seeding-silking sunshine duration; SSRA, seeding-silking rainfall amount; SSWS, seeding-silking wind speed; SSHT, seeding-silking high temperature; SSRH seeding-silking relative humidity; SSST, seeding-silking soil surface temperature; SSGDD, seeding-silking growing degree days; SSLT, seeding-silking low temperature; SH, silking-harvesting; SHSD, silking-harvesting sunshine duration; SHGDD, silking-harvesting growing degree days; SHHT, silking-harvesting high temperature; SHST, silking-harvesting soil surface temperature; SHRA, silking-harvesting rainfall amount; SHRH, silking–harvesting relative humidity.