Table 2. Approximate minimum water activity (a_w) required for microbial growth

Group of microorganisms	Specific name	Water activity (aw)	References
Bacteria		0.90	[30]
	Campylobacter jejuni	0.98	[35]
	Clostridium botulinum, type E	0.97	[33]
	Escherichia coli	0.95	[35]
	Salmonella spp.	0.95	[35]
	Clostridium botulinum, types A and B	0.94	[33]
	Vibrio parahaemolyticus	0.94	[33]
	Listeria monocytogenes	0.92	[35]
Yeast		0.88	[30]
	Candida utilis	0.94	[33]
Molds		0.80	[30]
	Aspergillus flavus	0.80	[35]
Halophilic bacteria		0.75	[30]
Xerophilic molds		0.65	[30]
Osmophilic yeast		0.60	[30]