Table 7. Protein and energy metabolism-related pathways affected by supplementation treatments compared with control

Detected pathway D-Met HMBi
Apoptosis signaling
ATP synthesis
Fructose galactose metabolism
FAS signaling
Glycolysis
Heterotrimeric G-protein signaling pathway (Gi alpha- and Gs alpha-mediated)
Heterotrimeric G-protein signaling pathway (Gq alpha- and Go alpha-mediated)
Pentose phosphate
PI3 kinase
Pyruvate metabolism
Ubiquitin proteasome
Insulin/IGF pathway-mitogen activated protein kinase/MAP kinase cascade
Insulin/IGF pathway -protein kinase B signaling cascade
●, Significantly increased protein and energy metabolism-related pathways (p < 0.05) relative to control, run in PANTHER program for Bos taurus (see methods for detailed explanation).
D-Met, D-methionine; HMBi, 2-hydroxy-4-methylthiobutanoic acid i; ATP, adenosine triphosphate; PI3, phosphoinositide 3; IGF, insulin-like growth factor; MAP, mitogen-activated protein.