Table 4. Effects of different dietary copper (Cu) sources and levels on fecal excretion (mg/kg) of minerals in growing pigs (n = 6/treatment)

Cu source Added Cu level (mg/kg) Cu Fe Zn P S
CuSO4 0 51.44d 810.66 629.79 15,800.00 842.70
50 171.14c 851.10 626.23 16,433.33 935.90
100 338.12a 826.49 608.69 15,350.00 964.53
CuAA 0 51.44d 810.66 629.79 15,800.00 842.70
50 134.30c 841.93 727.71 15,433.33 902.13
100 257.43b 784.77 597.33 16,483.33 875.57
CuHMB 0 51.44d 810.66 629.79 15,800.00 842.70
50 140.37c 730.66 532.22 15,966.67 921.49
100 227.96b 697.54 569.61 15,250.00 844.47
SEM 8.29 75.02 39.02 651.94 72.10
p-value for source × level 0.0004 0.141 0.097 0.692 0.661
Main effect of source
 CuSO4 186.90 829.42 621.57 15,861.11 914.38
 CuAA 147.72 812.45 651.61 15,905.56 873.47
 CuHMB 139.92 746.28 577.20 15,672.22 869.55
SEM 23.10 41.42 23.27 366.65 40.25
p-value for source 0.313 0.333 0.085 0.892 0.685
Main effect of level
0 51.44c 810.66 629.79 15,800.00 842.70
50 148.60b 807.90 628.72 15,944.44 919.84
100 274.50a 769.60 591.88 15,694.44 894.86
SEM 8.24 42.08 24.04 366.63 39.79
p-value for level < 0.0001 0.744 0.452 0.890 0.383
Values with different superscripts in the same column are significantly different (p < 0.001).
CuSO4, copper sulfate; CuAA, Cu-amino acid complex; CuHMB, Cu-hydroxy-4-methylthio butanoate chelate complex.