Table 4. Effects of driving style and bedding on behaviors, skin temperature and blood profile during pre-slaughter pig transport in different temperature

Temperature (T)	< 10°C				10°C to 24°C				> 24°C				SE	p- value
Bedding (B)	−		+		−		+		−		+
Driving style (D)	Nor	Agg	Nor	Agg	Nor	Agg	Nor	Agg	Nor	Agg	Nor	Agg		D	B	T	D⨯B	D⨯T	T⨯B
Basic behavior (min/hour)
Standing	50.61	49.60	52.33	51.97	50.53	50.20	50.17	50.53	49.60	51.33	48.60	52.13	0.756	0.136	0.143	0.281	0.233	0.006	0.079
Sitting	6.33	9.89	4.03	4.59	6.58	9.23	5.39	5.81	4.60	4.00	4.53	3.80	0.627	0.008	< 0.001	< 0.001	0.115	0.106	0.259
Lying	3.06	0.51	3.63	3.44	2.89	0.57	4.44	3.65	5.80	4.67	6.87	4.07	0.566	< 0.001	<.0001	0.029	0.100	0.749	< 0.001
Singularity behavior (count/hour)
Aggression	5.94	8.93	6.47	5.80	4.73	5.47	5.27	4.33	5.27	4.60	6.13	5.27	0.657	0.087	0.463	0.087	0.795	0.111	0.016
Overlap	6.40	6.13	5.53	6.80	6.20	5.80	5.53	6.13	5.13	5.87	5.20	6.53	0.528	0.360	0.913	0.739	0.076	0.457	0.088
Respiratory frequency (count/min)	63.11	63.00	62.43	60.33	61.50	59.93	61.20	59.67	68.07	65.53	64.67	64.87	1.234	0.068	0.064	0.572	0.075	0.963	0.855
Skin temperature (°C)
Before transport	37.45	37.33	37.39	37.41	37.41	37.37	37.40	37.50	37.39	37.40	37.41	37.51	0.076	0.766	0.298	0.841	0.780	0.584	0.163
After transport	39.43	39.54	39.45	39.56	39.54	39.71	39.69	39.62	39.49	39.57	39.68	39.76	0.104	0.108	0.186	0.414	0.186	0.937	0.508
Skin temperature change	1.99	2.21	2.07	2.15	2.13	2.34	2.29	2.12	2.10	2.17	2.27	2.25	0.083	0.127	0.472	0.400	0.158	0.424	0.136
Blood profile
Glucose (mg/dL)	79.67	83.00	82.00	83.33	82.00	79.33	79.67	82.67	77.95	77.44	77.62	74.90	1.942	0.059	0.907	0.590	0.795	0.364	0.830
Lactic acid (mmol/L)	3.52	6.03	3.23	4.29	2.35	6.28	2.28	4.19	3.97	5.05	4.27	5.52	0.548	0.070	0.081	0.116	0.082	0.087	0.090
Cortisol (ug/dL)	3.33	6.15	2.02	3.64	2.48	4.80	1.27	3.17	5.05	4.92	4.93	4.69	0.602	< 0.001	0.002	0.125	0.077	0.091	0.409

Nor, normal (average VDV_total value: 8.5); Agg, aggressive (average VDV_total value: 9.5); −, without bedding; +, bedding.