Table 4. Fermentation characteristics after in vitro incubation of treatments using buffered rumen fluid

Item Treatment SEM p-value
RGP CGF WG CGM
IVDMD (%) 80.31bc 81.77b 90.54a 77.36c 1.538 < 0.01
IVNDFD (% NDF) 72.52b 68.98b 59.40c 81.47a 2.719 < 0.01
IVCPD (%CP) 83.72c 94.55a 93.57a 90.20b 1.015 < 0.01
pH 6.33c 6.41b 6.49a 6.25d 0.013 < 0.01
NH3-N (mg/100 mL) 15.54d 36.05a 34.09b 22.58c 0.445 < 0.01
TVFA (mM) 77.8c 82.6ab 80.3bc 83.5a 1.00 < 0.05
Acetate 572.7a 544.8b 506.5d 519.6c 2.26 < 0.01
Propionate 297.5c 286.5d 325.6b 333.2a 1.91 < 0.01
Butyrate 90.1d 98.1c 107.1a 102.3b 0.82 < 0.01
Iso-butyrate 8.2d 16.1a 13.7b 9.3c 0.10 < 0.01
Valerate 22.0c 32.2a 28.5b 24.0c 0.74 < 0.01
Iso-valerate 9.5d 22.2a 18.7b 11.7c 0.23 < 0.01
A:P ratio 1.93a 1.90a 1.56b 1.56b 0.017 < 0.01
Values in the same row with different letters differ significantly (p < 0.05).
RGP, red ginseng byproduct; CGF, corn gluten feed; WG, wheat gluten; CGM, corn germ meal; IVDMD, in vitro dry matter digestibility; IVNDFD, in vitro neutral detergent fiber digestibility; IVCPD, in vitro crude protein digestibility; NH3-N, ammonia nitrogen; TVFA, total volatile fatty acids; A:P ratio, acetate to propionate ratio.