Table 2. Effects of rice wine residue (RWR) supplementation on the ruminal pH and volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations of Hanwoo steers

Parameter Treatment1) SEM p-value
CON 10% RWR 15% RWR
pH 6.28a 6.05b 6.04b 0.06 < 0.01
Total VFA (mM) 57.62 60.25 67.12 2.64 0.06
Acetate (mM) 29.23 29.71 32.94 1.16 0.12
Propionate (mM) 12.28 13.27 13.50 0.78 0.61
Butyrate (mM) 13.71c 14.75b 18.37a 1.06 0.05
Valerate (mM) 0.42c 0.49b 0.64a 0.04 < 0.01
iso-Butyrate (mM) 0.47 0.45 0.39 0.03 0.41
iso-Valerate (mM) 1.50 1.58 1.29 0.08 0.08
A:P ratio 2.39 2.24 2.44 0.11 0.95
TMR only (CON); TMR + 10% RWR (10% RWR); TMR + 15% RWR (15% RWR).
Means in each row with different superscripts are significantly different (p < 0.05).
RWR, Korean rice wine residue; VFA, volatile fatty acid; A:P, acetate/propionate ratio; TMR, total mixed ration.