Table 2. Differential enrichment of metabolites content of serum and urine between healthy and subclinical ketosis group

Metabolites	Classification	CON/SCK	p-value	VIP score1)	FC2)
Serum
5-Aminolevulinate	Carboxylic acid	CON	6.21 × 10−3	1.67	0.42
Betaine	Other	CON	1.46 × 10−2	1.60	0.40
Acetoacetate	Carbohydrate	SCK	2.44 × 10−2	1.85	−0.51
Succinate	Carbohydrate	SCK	3.45 × 10−2	1.63	−0.42
Lactulose	Carbohydrate	CON	5.04 × 10−2	0.94	0.16
Acetate	Carbohydrate	SCK	6.98 × 10−2	0.79	−0.11
3-Methylxanthine	Other	CON	7.63 × 10−2	1.82	0.47
Galactose	Carbohydrate	SCK	8.24 × 10−2	1.58	−0.55
Pyruvate	Carbohydrate	SCK	7.86 × 10−2	1.80	−0.49
Urine
Indole-3-acetate	Other	SCK	9.34 × 10−4	1.36	−0.39
Homogentisate	Benzoic acid	CON	2.23 × 10−3	1.81	0.69
Ribose	Carbohydrate	CON	2.50 × 10−3	1.88	0.76
Gluconate	Organic acid	CON	5.97 × 10−3	2.06	0.97
Theophylline	Other	SCK	5.99 × 10−3	2.01	−0.96
p-Cresol	Benzoic acid	SCK	1.11 × 10−2	1.13	−0.29
Ethylene glycol	Lipid	CON	1.56 × 10−2	2.55	1.67
Maltose	Carbohydrate	CON	2.37 × 10−2	2.04	1.11
3-Hydroxymandelate	Benzoic acid	SCK	2.72 × 10−2	1.73	−0.82
Gentisate	Benzoic acid	SCK	2.96 × 10−2	1.94	−0.80
N-Acetylglucosamine	Carbohydrate	SCK	3.31 × 10−2	1.63	−0.72
3-Methyl-2-oxovalerate	Carboxylic acid	CON	3.65 × 10−2	1.33	0.39
N-Nitrosodimethylamine	Organic acid	SCK	4.19 × 10−2	1.84	−0.74
Glycocholate	Lipid	CON	4.22 × 10−2	1.82	0.76
Xanthine	Nucleoside, nucleotide	SCK	4.25 × 10−2	0.90	−0.20
Pyridoxine	Other	SCK	4.81 × 10−2	1.73	−0.89
Nicotinurate	Organic acid	SCK	5.17 × 10−2	1.43	−0.47
Acetoin	Other	SCK	5.35 × 10−2	1.58	−0.77
Alanine	Amino acid	CON	6.71 × 10−2	0.70	0.13
Trimethylamine N-oxide	Aliphatic acylic compound	SCK	6.97 × 10−2	1.11	−0.35
3-Methylxanthine	Other	SCK	7.00 × 10−2	1.71	−0.96
Indole-3-lactate	Other	SCK	8.18 × 10−2	1.34	−0.43
Carnosine	Amine	SCK	8.20 × 10−2	1.21	−0.39
3-Hydroxybutyrate	Lipid	SCK	9.03 × 10−2	1.54	−0.85

Variable importance in the projection obtained from partial least square-discriminant analysis model.
Fold change; Calculated as binary logarithm average concentration response ratio between CON and SCK group, where the positive value means that average concentration response of the metabolites in the former is larger than that in the latter and vice versa.
CON, healthy group; SCK, subclinical ketosis group; CON/SCK, Comparison between CON and SCK group.