| Poultry - Laying hens | Hermetia illucens larvae meal (defatted) | 7.3%, 14.6% | Gut health and microbiota | - Positive effect on the morphology of the small intestine and the activity of brush border enzymes and cecal microbiota- Increases the production of VFAs | [51] |
| Poultry - Laying hens | Hermetia illucens larvae meal (defatted) | 17% | Gut health and microbiota | - Increases relative abundance of Elusimicrobia, Lentisphaerae and Cyanobacteria in the gut- Decreases relative abundance of Fusobacteria in the gut- Increases production of SCFAs (acetate, propionate, and butyrate) | [52] |
| Poultry - Broiler chickens | Hermetia illucens larvae meal (defatted) | 5%, 10%, and 15% | Gut health and microbiota | - Positive effect on the cecal microbiota and gut mucin dynamics- Increases the ratio of L-Ruminococcus, Faecalibacterium, and Blautia in cecal- Increases in villi mucins | [53] |
| Poultry - Broiler chickens | Tenebrio molitor larvae meal (full-fat) | 7.5% | Gut health and microbiota | - Increases relative abundance of Clostridium, Oscillospira, Ruminococcus, Coprococcus, and Sutterella- Decreases relative abundance of Bacteroides | [56] |
| Poultry - Broiler chickens | Shelfordella lateralis imago meal (full-fat) | 0.05%, 0.1%, and 0.2% | Gut health and microbiota | - Increases the number of total microbiota counts, Clostridium leptum subgroup, and Clostridium coccoides-Eubacterium rectale in the crop- Increases the number of Lactobacillus spp./Enterococcus in the ileum | [57] |
| Poultry - Broiler chickens | Tenebrio molitor larvae meal, Zophobas morio larvae meal | 0.2%, 0.3% | Gut health and microbiota | - Stimulates the colonization of cecal probiotics- Increases relative abundance of Actinobacteria by Z. morio larvae meal- Increases relative abundance of family Ruminococcaceae by T. molitor larvae meal | [58] |
| Poultry - Turkey | Hermetia illucens fat | 2.5%, 5% | Gut health and microbiota | - Decreases the activity of trypsin- Reduces the proliferation of potentially pathogenic bacteria | [36] |
| Weaning piglets | Hermetia illucens larvae meal (full-fat) | 1%, 2%, and 4% | Gut health and microbiota | - Increases the number of probiotic bacteria (Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium) and the concentrations of lactate and SCFAs- Decreases the number of Escherichia coli- Down-regulates the expression of TLR4, NF-κB, MyD88, and TNF-α- Up regulates the expression of anti-inflammatory IL-10 | [60] |
| Weaning piglets | Hermetia illucens larvae meal | 5%, 10% | Gut health and microbiota | - Increases the β-diversity- Increases relative abundance of Blautia, Coprococcus, Eubacterium, Prevotella, and Roseburia | [61] |
| Poultry - Laying hens | Hermetia illucens larvae meal (defatted) | 7.3%, 14.6% | Immune activity | - Shows low albumin/globulin ratio- Decreases the contents of serum cholesterol and triglyceride | [34] |
| Poultry - Broiler chickens | Hermetia illucens larvae meal | 1%, 2%, and 3% | Immune activity | - Increases the percentage of CD3+CD4+ T lymphocytes in the spleen- Increases the proliferation of spleen cells and serum lysozyme activity | [65] |
| Poultry - Broiler chickens | Tenebrio molitor larvae meal | 30% | Immune activity | - Shows low albumin/globulin ratio- Increases the concentration of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase | [66] |
| Poultry - Broiler chickens | Tenebrio molitor larvae meal (full-fat) | 5%, 10%, and 15% | Immune activity | - Increases the number of erythrocytes- Shows low albumin/globulin ratio- Increases the concentration of gamma glutamyl transferase | [67] |
| Poultry - Turkey | Hermetia illucens fat | 2.5%, 5% | Immune activity | - Decreases IL-6 and TNF-α concentrations in serum | [36] |
| Weaning piglets | Hermetia illucens larvae meal (full-fat) | 1%, 2%, and 4% | Immune activity | - Decreases IFN-γ concentrations in serum- Increases IL-10 and IgA concentrations in serum | [68] |
| Growing pigs | Hermetia illucens larvae meal (full-fat) | 9%, 12%, 14.5%, and 18.5% | Immune activity | - Increases the number of neutrophils- Shows the number of lymphocytes outside the normal physiological range | [71] |
| Poultry - Broiler chickens | Hermetia illucens larvae meal | 1%, 2%, and 3% | Antimicrobial activity | - Decreases the number of S. Gallinarum in infected tissues (liver, spleen, bursa, and cecum)- Increases the survivability of infected chickens | [65] |
| Poultry - Broiler chickens | Tenebrio molitor meal, Zophoba morio meal | 0.4% | Antimicrobial activity | - Increases the concentration of IgG and IgA- Decreases the content of pathogenic bacteria E. coli and Salmonella spp. in the cecal- Increases the survivability of infected chickens | [73] |
| Weaning piglets | Tenebrio molitor meal, Musca domestica larvae meal, Zophoba morio meal | 5% | Antimicrobial activity | - Reduces incidence of diarrhea between 15 and 28 day | [76] |
| Weaning piglets | Hermetia illucens larvae/prepupae meal (full-fat) | 4%, 8% | Antimicrobial activity | - Inhibits the growth of D-Streptococci in vitro- Reduces D-Streptococci 0.5 log fold in the gut of piglets | [78] |
| Rabbits | Hermetia illucens larvae fat, Tenebrio molitor larvae fat | 1.5% | Antimicrobial activity | - Increases the production of VFAs in the cecum- Increases the microbial diversity of cecal of rabbits | [80] |