Table 4. Effects of DON exposure on cytokines

Cell type	DON (μg/mL)	Effects	Reference
IPEC-J2	0, 0.5, 1, 2	Increased inflammation and apoptosis gene expressions in a dose dependent manner (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, COX-2, caspase-3, caspase-8, and caspase-9)	[67]
IPEC-J2	0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2	Increased mRNA expressions of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, NF-κB p65, IKKα, and IKKβ with increasing concentration of DONDownregulated the relative expression of IκB-α mRNA	[45]
IPEC-J2	1, 2	Gene expression levels of IL-6, IL-1α and TNF-α enhanced	[66]
IPEC-J2	0.5	Upregulated the relative mRNA abundances of Bax, IL-6, TNF-α, COX-2, IL-8, caspase 3, and NF-κB	[70]

DON, deoxynivalenol; IL, interleukin; TNF, tumor necrosis factor.