Table 5. Changes in in vitro ruminal volatile fatty acid concentrations according to flaking treatment for lupin

Item	Time (hr)	Lupin grain	Lupin flake	p-value
Acetate (mg/dL)	0	64.08 ± 6.24	62.35 ± 5.26	0.78
	3	127.96 ± 1.45	123.44 ± 13.61	0.67
	6	158.31 ± 21.62	152.99 ± 16.62	0.80
	9	169.59 ± 12.71	193.36 ± 1.22	0.06
	12	177.76 ± 7.48	199.67 ± 10.59	0.08
	24	194.87 ± 1.10b	249.04 ± 6.70a	0.01
	48	223.87 ± 4.16b	282.48 ± 7.57a	0.01
Propionate (mg/dL)	0	25.37 ± 1.99	25.34 ± 1.32	0.99
	3	69.20 ± 0.70	70.82 ± 6.55	0.75
	6	96.67 ± 6.37	103.47 ± 10.43	0.48
	9	111.52 ± 6.37b	140.72 ± 3.08a	0.01
	12	120.17 ± 4.93b	154.94 ± 8.19a	0.01
	24	121.13 ± 4.48b	168.96 ± 1.44a	0.01
	48	137.02 ± 2.21b	176.58 ± 4.83a	0.01
Butyrate (mg/dL)	0	10.92 ± 0.90	9.97 ± 1.14	0.41
	3	17.34 ± 0.05	18.64 ± 1.76	0.35
	6	20.47 ± 0.45	23.26 ± 2.42	0.19
	9	22.97 ± 1.35b	28.77 ± 0.93a	0.01
	12	25.79 ± 0.99b	30.99 ± 1.47a	0.01
	24	31.60 ± 0.35b	41.80 ± 0.66a	0.01
	48	36.09 ± 0.62b	45.91 ± 1.20a	0.01
Total-VFA (mg/dL)	0	100.37 ± 9.10	97.67 ± 7.23	0.76
	3	214.49 ± 1.54	212.89 ± 21.83	0.92
	6	275.45 ± 28.14	279.71 ± 28.80	0.89
	9	304.08 ± 19.56b	362.85 ± 4.99a	0.02
	12	323.73 ± 13.40b	385.59 ± 20.25a	0.02
	24	347.60 ± 3.84b	459.80 ± 7.21a	0.01
	48	396.98 ± 6.83b	504.96 ± 13.23a	0.01

Means followed by different letters in the same row are significantly different (p < 0.05).