Table 5. Comparison of economy analysis according to short-term fattening period and castration method in Hanwoo

Item (USD/head)	Castration		Hemi-castration		SEM	p-value
	24 months	26 months	24 months	26 months		CM	SFP	CM × SFP
Gross receipts1) (A)	6,770	7,542	5,071	5,470	270.097	0.001	0.179	0.664
Operating costs (B)	5,759	5,955	5,781	5,980	18.148	0.011	0.001	0.857
Calf2)	3,333	3,333	3,333	3,333	-	-	-	-
Feed costs3)	1,797	1,992	1,819	2,017	18.148	0.011	0.001	0.857
Formula feed	1,427	1,608	1,442	1,628	16.683	0.004	0.001	0.670
Roughage	370	385	377	390	3.771	0.428	0.084	0.911
Others4)	629	629	629	628	-	-	-	-
Net income (C=A−B)	1,011	1,587	−710	−510	268.150	0.001	0.369	0.662

Gross receipts: Selling price of carcass and by product.
Calf: average auction price of Hanwoo calf in 2020.
Feed costs: Commercial concentrate (growing formula feed = 0.35 USD/kg + fattening formula feed = 0.36 USD/kg) + roughage (Italian ryegrass 0.31 USD/kg + rice straw: 0.22 USD/kg).
Others: water, power and fuel cost = 33.38 USD + veterinary and medicine cost = 29.83 USD + automobile cost = 41.03 USD + farm implements cost = 169.99 USD + farm building and facilities cost = 124.29 USD + miscellaneous materials cost = 75.23 USD + interest on borrowed capital = 61.46 USD + land rent = 4.42 USD + hired labor cost = 45.24 USD + excretion disposal cost = 23.31 USD + production management cost = 18.61 USD.
CM, castration method; SFP, short-term fattening period; USD, United States dollar.