Table 4. Comparison of volatile organic compounds contents of fresh and frozen-thawed chicken breast meat¹⁾

Volatile organic compounds	Aroma description	m/z	LRI	Fresh	Frozen-thawed
Acids
Hexanoic acid	Cheese, fatty, sour, sweat	60	987	0.000^b	0.159^a
n-Hexadecanoic acid	Fatty, slightly waxy	73	1,963	0.369	0.364
Octadecanoic acid	Fatty, mild, odorless	73	2,163	0.000	0.057
Subtotal				0.369	0.579
Alcohols
(S)-(+)-3-Methyl-1-pentanol	Cocoa, cognac, fruity, fusel, green	56	789	0.136^b	0.833^a
1-Dodecanol	Coconut, wax, fat, earthy, honey, soapy	69	1,477	0.018^b	0.054^a
1-Heptanol	Leafy, coconut, herbal, peony, strawberry, chemical, musty, sweet, woody, violet	70	964	0.140	1.036
1-Hexadecanol	Wax, floral	83.1	1,884	0.015	0.017
1-Hexanol, 2-ethyl-	Citrus, fresh, floral, oily, sweet, fatty, fruity	57.1	1,036	0.266	0.242
1-Hexanol, 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)-	NA	57	1,065	0.067^a	0.000^b
1-Nonanol	Fatty, dusty, rose, floral, green, clean, wet, orange, fresh, bitter, oily	55	1,177	0.000^b	0.070^a
1-Octanol	Bland, oil	83.1	2,086	0.199	1.025
1-Octen-3-ol	Raw, fishy, oily, earthy, fungal, chicken, mushroom, green	57.1	975	0.630	7.365
2-Octen-1-ol, (E)-	Coconut, orris, fruity, waxy	69	1,681	0.000	0.335
2-Octen-1-ol, (Z)-	Asparagus, corn, common mushroom, oyster mushroom	57.1	1,078	0.026	0.116
Cyclohexanol, 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)-	NA	71	1,175	0.129	0.000
p-Cresol	Smoke, animal, narcissus, phenol, mimosa, medicine, medicinal, phenolic	107.1	1,087	0.032	0.037
Subtotal				1.659	11.129
Aldehydes
2-Decenal, (E)-	Orange, coriander, rose, tallow, waxy, oily, fatty, earthy, floral, aldehydic, mushroom, green	70.1	1,265	0.033^b	0.145^a
2-Nonenal, (E)-	Aldehydic, citrus, cucumber, fat, fatty, green, paper	70	1,164	0.000^b	0.087^a
2-Octenal, (E)-	Green, nut, fat	55.1	1,065	0.000^b	0.212^a
2-Undecenal	citrus, soap, orange peel, fat, fresh, sweet, fruity, green	70	1,366	0.034^b	0.130^a
5-Ethylcyclopent-1-enecarboxaldehyde	NA	67	1,033	0.000	0.087
Benzeneacetaldehyde	Hawthorn, honey, sweet	91	1,047	0.123^b	0.169^a
Decanal	Soap, orange peel, tallow	57	1,206	0.060	0.201
Dodecanal	Aldehydic, citrus, fat, floral, green, lily, soapy, waxy	57	1,409	0.030^b	0.074^a
Hexadecanal	Cardboard	82.1	1,818	0.094	0.100
Hexanal, 5-methyl-	NA	70	851	0.428	1.741
Nonanal	Citrus, peel, rose, green, fishy, waxy, fresh, fatty, aldehydic, orris, grapefruit	57.1	1,113	0.794^b	3.583^a
Octanal	Lemon, citrus, soap, orange peel, fat, waxy, fatty, aldehydic, green	57	1,717	0.297	1.310
Pentadecanal	Fresh, waxy	57	1,613	0.085^b	0.213^a
Tetradecanal	Citrus peel, incense, amber, wax, fatty, musk, flower, dry	57.1	1,514	0.097	0.143
Tridecanal	Grapefruit peel, citrus, must, fresh, waxy, sweet, clean, aldehydic, soapy, flower, petal	57.1	1,311	0.037	0.060
Undecanal	Aldehydic, citrus, fatty, floral, fresh, green, laundry, oil, pungent, soapy	43	1,004	0.008	0.636
Subtotal				2.121^b	8.891^a
Esters
1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, bis(2-methylpropyl) ester	Slight ester	149	1,873	0.056	0.055
2-Ethylhexyl salicylate	Slight floral	120	1,809	0.177	0.000
Arsenous acid, tris(trimethylsilyl) ester	NA	207	713	17.768^a	13.449^b
Benzoic acid, 2-hydroxy-, ethyl ester	NA	120	1,274	0.044	0.000
Benzoyl isothiocyanate	NA	57	584	0.254^b	0.785^a
Dibutyl phthalate	Faint	149	1,966	0.312	0.225
Ethyl 9-hexadecenoate	NA	55	1,975	0.128^a	0.000^b
Ethyl Oleate	Fatty type odor	55.1	2,170	0.110^a	0.000^b
Hexadecanoic acid, ethyl ester	Mild waxy, creamy, fruity, milky, balsamic	88.1	1,996	0.174^a	0.000^b
Methyl salicylate	Mint, wintergreen, peppermint	120	1,194	4.395	1.772
n-Caproic acid vinyl ester	NA	43.1	982	0.325	2.069
Propanoic acid, 2-methyl-, 3-hydroxy-2,2,4-trimethylpentyl ester	NA	71	1,355	0.011^b	0.097^a
Subtotal				23.753^a	18.452^b
Hydrocarbons
Benzene, 1,2,4,5-tetramethyl-	Camphor	119	1,121	0.032	0.036
Benzene, 1,3-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-	NA	175.1	1,258	0.237	0.125
Cyclotetrasiloxane, octamethyl-	NA	281	1,009	22.327	39.630
Decane	Alkane	57	999	0.223	0.172
Decane, 2,4-dimethyl-	NA	71	1,116	0.009	0.000
Dodecane	Alkane	57	1,200	0.356	0.402
Dodecane, 2,6,11-trimethyl-	Alkane	71	1,284	0.029	0.015
Dodecane, 4,6-dimethyl-	NA	71.1	1,330	0.012	0.000
Heptadecane	Alkane	57	1,702	0.065	0.093
Hexadecane	Alkane	71.1	1,600	0.222^a	0.136^b
Hexane, 3-ethyl-	NA	43.1	772	0.069	0.032
Hexathiane	NA	192	1,493	0.018^b	0.040^a
Indole	Burnt, animal, naphthalene, fishy, jasmine, floral, honey, fecal	117	1,297	0.018^a	0.000^b
Methane, dichloronitro-	NA	83.1	590	0.076^b	0.301^a
Naphthalene	Dry, pungent, tarry, tar	128	1,181	0.048^a	0.032^b
n-Hexane	Alkane	43.1	586	0.029	0.000
Nonane, 2,5-dimethyl-	NA	57	1,016	0.038^a	0.000^b
Nonane, 2,6-dimethyl-	NA	71	1,026	0.050	0.044
Nonane, 2-methyl-	NA	57	952	0.000^b	0.016^a
Oxetane, 3-(1-methylethyl)-	NA	42	654	0.204^b	1.346^a
Oxetane, 3,3-dimethyl-	NA	56.1	601	0.000^b	0.128^a
Pentadecane	Alkane	71	1,499	0.165^b	0.246^a
Tetradecane	Alkane, mild, waxy	57	1,400	0.185	0.199
Tridecane	Alkane	57.1	1,304	0.221	0.243
Undecane	Alkane	57.1	1,109	0.099	0.117
Undecane, 2,6-dimethyl-	NA	57	1,216	0.000	0.096
Subtotal				24.510	43.313
Ketones
2-Butanone	Acetone, camphor, ether, fruity	119	1,185	0.000^b	0.800^a
5,9-Undecadien-2-one, 6,10-dimethyl-, (E)-	NA	43	1,456	0.013^a	0.050^b
Acetophenone	Mimosa, hawthorn, sweet, acacia, almond, pungent, hawthorn, chemical, flower, bitter, must	105	1,071	0.042	0.063
D-Limonene	Mint, lemon, citrus, orange, fresh, sweet	93	1,029	0.037	0.065
Furan, 2-pentyl-	Greenbean, butter	64	2,030	0.063	0.273
Subtotal				0.156^b	1.251^a
Others
Cyclic octaatomic sulfur	NA	81	988	0.051	0.077
Sec-butylamine	Ammonia, fishy	44.1	612	0.000^b	1.218^a
Subtotal				0.051^b	1.295^a
Total				52.619^b	84.911^a

Values are presented as A.U. ×10⁶.
Different letters represent the significant difference between fresh and frozen-thawed meat (p < 0.05).
LRI, linear retention indices; NA, not available, data not reported.