Table 9. Gene Ontology and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses of differentially expressed genes between negative control and Holstein colostrum–derived extracellular vesicles

Upregulated			Downregulated
ID	Definition	p-value	ID	Definition	p-value
GO_BP:0006935	Chemotaxis	0.002	GO_BP:0090331	Negative regulation of platelet aggregation	0.002
GO_BP:0010936	Negative regulation of macrophage cytokine production	0.048	GO_BP:0090258	Negative regulation of mitochondrial fission	0.022
GO_CC:0005886	Plasma membrane	0.010	GO_BP:0043247	Telomere maintenance in response to DNA damage	0.038
GO_CC:0005615	Extracellular space	0.022	GO_BP:1902749	Regulation of cell cycle G2/M phase transition	0.038
			GO_MF:0016787	Hydrolase activity	0.005
			GO_MF:0004672	Protein kinase activity	0.020
			KEGG: hsa04064	NF-kappa B signaling pathway	0.017
			KEGG: hsa01100	Metabolic pathways	0.046

KEGG, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes; BP, biological process; CC, cellular component; MF, molecular function; NF, nuclear factor.