Table 1. Step-by-step technologies, devices, programs, and systems for implementing smart livestock farming

Step-by-step		Data collection and management		Optimal breeding management model
		Data type	Data collection device (IoT)	Model development (program)	Model application (system)
Genetics		① Breeding information (bloodline)② Genomic information (SNP)③ Gene information (STR)④ Artificial insemination information	① Genomic analysis equipment② Gene analysis equipment	① Genomic analysis program② Gene analysis program	① Genomic data utilization platform② Gene data utilization platform
Breeding management	Environment	⑤ (Inside) Temperature and humidity⑥ (Gas) CO2, light intensity, ammonia⑦ (Outside) Temperature and humidity, wind direction, wind speed, rain, solar radiation	③ (Internal) Temperature and humidity sensor④ (External) Wind speed, wind direction, outdoor weather station⑤ (Safety) Lightning protection device, fire detector, power outage detector⑥ (Welfare) Heat stress measurement system	③ Complex environmental information management program (facilities, sensors, weather, satellites)④ Information and communication and facility control management program	③ Composite environment automatic control system (fan, curtain, sprayer)④ LED lighting automatic control system⑤ Air conditioning and heating control system⑥ Uninterruptible power supply management system
	Feeding (Fattenuation)	⑧ Water supply information (water supply amount, water temperature, water quality)⑨ Feed information (type, feeding amount, pattern)⑩ Biological information (history, body temperature, weight, heart rate)⑪ Eco-friendly livestock product certification information	⑦ Individual identification device⑧ Feeding amount, drinking amount, weight measurement device⑨ Feed bin management device⑩ Video and audio recording device (CCTV, 3D camera)⑪ Carbon emission measurement device	⑤ Individual information-based feed supply program⑥ Data-based quality grade/carbon emissions management program⑦ Production management program	⑦ Feed automation system (mixing amount, feeding amount, drinking amount, additives, disinfection water washing)⑧ Robot for labor-intensive process (cleaning, milking, lactation)⑨ Integrated livestock breeding management platform
	Manure (Odor)	⑫ Livestock manure emissions⑬ Odorous gases (ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, CO2)	⑫ Livestock manure measurement device⑬ Odor measurement device	⑧ Livestock manure and odor confirmation management program⑨ Weather and weather information linkage odor management simulation	⑩ Odor reduction system (biofiltering, fog spraying)⑪ Livestock manure treatment system (solid-liquid separator, aeration device, livestock manure fermentation drying, agitator, automatic cleaning, purification discharge, biogas)
	Quarantine (Disease)	⑭ Vehicle entry/route information⑮ Quarantine/disease information	⑭ GPS device for livestock-related vehicles⑮ Blocking quarantine entry and exit devices (barriers, vehicle number recognition devices)⑯ Vehicle and visitor disinfection facilities	⑩ Unmanned livestock quarantine management program⑪ Individual disease management program (early detection/immediate action)⑫ Livestock disease management program linked to history system	⑫ Automatic preemptive blocking quarantine system⑬ Smart disease diagnosis and management system
	Energy management	⑯ Energy consumption (electricity, gas)⑰ Energy production (electricity, gas)	⑰ Energy consumption measuring device⑱ Energy production/storage measuring device	⑬ Energy consumption optimization and self-sufficiency program	⑭ Electricity generation and control (solar, geothermal, wind power)⑮ Livestock manure energy conversion system
	Reproduction	⑲ Real-time location information	⑲ Biological information collection device (history, time, location, body temperature, weight, voice, image, infrared)	⑭ Individual reproductive ability management program	⑯ Livestock estrus artificial intelligence platform
		⑳ Breeding management information (estrus/parturition)	⑳ Estrus detection, pregnancy diagnosis device (ultrasound)㉑ Smart incubator	⑮ Livestock estrus management program (reduction of empty days)⑯ Livestock parturition management program (parturition detection and environmental management)	⑰ Parturition management artificial intelligence platform
Quality (Slaughter)		㉑ Carcass information㉒ Grade information (meat quantity grade, meat quality grade)	㉒ History information management device
Distribution		㉓ Production price㉔ Distribution price	㉓ Electronic scales and packaging devices
Consumption		㉕ Consumption price

IoT, Internet of Things; SNP, single nucleotide polymorphism; STR, short tandem repeat.