Table 2. The response of non-ruminant animals to the phytogenic additive

Animal and species	Feed additive and major components	Dose	Growth performance	Other responses	References
Growing pigs ([Yorkshire × Landrace] × Duroc)	Silybum marianum; Flavonoid	0.05% and 0.1%	ADG and ADFI ↑; FCR ↕	Digestibility of DM, nitrogen, energy ↑; Blood profile of bile acid, AST, and ALT ↕	[128]
Growing pigs ([Yorkshire × Landrace] × Duroc)	Quillaja saponin; Saponin	200 mg/kg	ADG ↑; ADFI and FCR ↕	Fecal ammonia emission and fecal coliform bacteria ↓	[105]
Weaning pigs ([Yorkshire × Landrace] × Duroc)	Houttuynia cordata and Taraxacum officinale	1 g/kg	ADG and G:F ↑	Digestibility of nutrient ↕; lymphocyte concentration ↑; E. coli populations in the feces ↓	[13]
Growing pigs ([Yorkshire × Landrace] × Duroc)	Achyranthes japonica; Flavonoids, polyphenol, and saponin	0.025% and 0.05%	ADG and ADFI ↑; Gain to feed ratio ↕	Nutrient digestibility, fecal microbial count, and gas emission ↕; Blood absorption rate ↑	[129]
Growing pigs ([Yorkshire × Landrace] × Duroc)	Quillaja saponin; Saponin	0.01%	BW and ADG ↑; FCR ↓	Digestibility of DM and nitrogen ↑; NH3, H2S, and CH4 emissions ↓, Faecal score ↓	[104]
Growing pigs ([Landrace × Yorkshire] × Duroc)	Quercetin; Flavonoid	0.1%	ADG ↑	Digestibility of DM and nitrogen ↑; IL-6 ↓; IgG and WBC concentrations ↑; and lymphocytes percentage ↑	[130]
Weaned piglets (Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire)	Glycyrrhiza; Licorice flavonoids	0, 50, 150, and 250 mg/kg	ADG ↑; FI/body gain ↓	Diarrhoea index and pH in caecum and colon ↓; intestinal morphological structure ↑	[38]
Landrace finishing pigs	Sasa quelpaertensis Nakai	450 ml	ADG ↑	Firmicutes and Actinobacteria phyla ↑; Bacteroidetes and Spirochaetes phyla ↓; Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus genera ↑, Treponema, Prevotella, and Turicibacter ↓; Backfat thickness ↓	[131]
Broilers (Ross 308)	Quercetin; Saponin	0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 g/kg QS	BWG and FI ↑, FCR ↕	Digestibility of DM and energy, cecal lactic acid bacteria counts ↑; breast muscle, pH, and water holding capacity of meat↑; drip loss of meat ↓	[70]
Laying hens (Hy-Line brown)	Micelle silymarin; Silybin, silydianin, and silychristin	0, 0.03, and 0.06%	FCR ↓	Egg weight, egg yolk color, albumen height, eggshell strength, and egg shell thickness↑; downgraded egg ↓; blood profile of AST, ALT, and lactate dehydrogenase ↓	[100]
Quails (Old Japanese)	Anise (Ans) and grape seed (Grp)	Ans 0.5%, Grp 0.5%, and Ans 0.25% + Grp 0.25%	BW ↑; FCR ↓	Dressing percentage, carcass yield, and immune organs’ relative weight ↑; abdominal fat ↓, low density lipoprotein ↓, high density lipoprotein ↑; total antioxidant capacity ↑; Lactobacillus count ↑; E. coli and Salmonella count ↓	[132]
Broilers (Ross 308)	Achyranthes japonica; Saponin, flavonoid, and polyphenol	0.02%, 0.04%, and 0.06%	BWG and FI ↑; FCR ↕	Digestibility of DM, nitrogen, energy ↑; excreta microbial counts, noxious gas emissions, and meat quality ↕; blood absorption rate ↑	[133]
Broilers (Ross 308)	Quercetin, Flavonoid	0.025% and 0.050%	BWG ↑; FI and FCR ↕	Digestibility of DM ↑; meat quality of drip loss ↓; excreta microbial counts and noxious gas emissions ↕	[134]
Broilers (Ross 308)	Betaine	0 and 2,000 ppm	BW and FI ↑; FCR ↓	Mn, Zn, Cu, and Fe digestibility ↑; serum total protein and globulin concentrations ↑; Gene expressions were reversed	[135]
Laying hens (Hy-Line brown)	Micelle silymarin; Silybin, silydianin, and silychristin	0%, 0.03%, and 0.06%	BW and FCR ↕	Haugh units, egg weight, eggshell strength, and albumen height ↑, egg yolk color, eggshell thickness, and egg water loss ↓; blood profile of alkaline phosphatase, AST cholesterol ↓	[136]
Broilers (Ross 308)	Quercetin; Flavonoid	0%, 0.02%, 0.04%, and 0.06%	BW and FI ↑; FCR ↕	Digestibility of DM and energy ↑; tibia ash ↑; organ weights of breast muscle, colour lightness and redness of meat ↑; drip loss of meat ↓	[14]
Laying hens (Hy-Line brown)	Micelle silymarin; Silybin, silydianin, and silychristin	0%, 0.02%, 0.04%, and 0.06%	FI ↑; FCR ↓	Egg production, egg shell thickness and eggshell strength, and yolk colour ↑; blood profile of cholesterol and triglyceride ↓	[107]

The symbol ↑ indicates an increase in response criteria, ↓ indicates a decrease in response criteria, and ↕ indicates no effect on response criteria.
ADG, average daily gain; ADFI, average daily feed intake; FCR, feed conversion ratio; DM, dry matter; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; G:F, gain to feed; E. coli, Escherichia coli; BW, body weight; NH₃, ammonia; H₂S, hydrogen sulfide; CH₄, methane; IL, interleukin; Ig, immunoglobulin; WBC, white blood cells; BWG, bodyweight gain; FI, feed intake; Mn, manganese; Zn, zinc; Cu, copper; Fe, iron.