RESEARCH ARTICLE

Profiling of differentially expressed proteins between fresh and frozen-thawed Duroc boar semen using ProteinChip CM10

Yong-Min Kim1,#https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3163-8077, Sung-Woo Park2,#https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6309-1104, Mi-Jin Lee3https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6093-4812, Da-Yeon Jeon2https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2733-9832, Su-Jin Sa2https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2634-5109, Yong-Dae Jeong2https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1985-583X, Ha-Seung Seong2https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9595-2642, Jung-Woo Choi4https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7827-5037, Shinichi Hochi5https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5315-3471, Eun-Seok Cho2,*https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5223-099X, Hak-Jae Chung2,*https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3127-5192
Author Information & Copyright
1Planning and Coordination Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Wanju 55365, Korea
2Swine Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Cheonan 31000, Korea
3TNT Research, Doosan Venture Digm, Anyang 14059, Korea
4Department of Animal Science, College of Animal Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
5Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Nagano 386-8567, Japan

# These authors contributed equally to this work.

*Corresponding author: Eun-Seok Cho, Swine Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Cheonan 31000, Korea. Tel: +82-41-580-3457, E-mail: segi0486@korea.kr
*Corresponding author: Hak-Jae Chung, Swine Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Cheonan 31000, Korea. Tel: +82-41-580-3443, E-mail: hakjaena@korea.kr

© Copyright 2023 Korean Society of Animal Science and Technology. This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Received: Feb 06, 2023; Revised: Mar 07, 2023; Accepted: Mar 13, 2023

Published Online: Mar 31, 2023

Abstract

Many studies have been conducted to improve technology for semen cryopreservation in pigs. However, computer-assisted analysis of sperm motility and morphology is insufficient to predict the molecular function of frozen-thawed semen. More accurate expression patterns of boar sperm proteins may be derived using the isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) technique. In this study, the iTRAQ-labeling system was coupled with liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis to identify differentially expressed CM10-fractionated proteins between fresh and frozen-thawed boar semen. A total of 76 protein types were identified to be differentially expressed, among which 9 and 67 proteins showed higher and lower expression in frozen-thawed than in fresh sperm samples, respectively. The classified functions of these proteins included oxidative phosphorylation, mitochondrial inner membrane and matrix, and pyruvate metabolic processes, which are involved in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis; and sperm flagellum and motile cilium, which are involved in sperm tail structure. These results suggest a possible network of biomarkers associated with survival after the cryopreservation of Duroc boar semen.

Keywords: Boar semen; Isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ); ProteinChip; Surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (SELDI-TOF MS); Semen cryopreservation

INTRODUCTION

Semen cryopreservation is a major technique for preserving male genetic resources for prolonged periods, as routinely conducted in cattle breeding [1]. In the swine industry, a variety of studies conducted to verify conditions suitable for the practical and economic use of frozen semen. However, Farrowing rates dropped by 20% to 30%, and litter sizes decreased by two to three piglets when artificial insemination (AI) was performed using cryopreserved boar semen [2]. Around half of the semen do not survive cryopreservation due to the sublethal damage, and even when identical amounts of motile semen were utilized for AI, fertility was still lower after thawing than with fresh control semen [3]. Thus, the cryopreservation of boar semen was inadequately used in commercial swine AI programs [4,5], whereas the addition of seminal plasma to the freezing extenders for boar semen drastically improved both farrowing rate and litter size after AI using cryopreserved semen [6,7], enabling successful commercial use. Semen quality after liquid storage or cryopreservation is often analyzed based on motility and morphological features using a computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA) system [8]. However, the CASA data are insufficient to predict the molecular function of fresh and preserved semen.

Many researches have concentrated on comprehending the process causing cryodamage in order to improve the technique for cryopreserving boar semen. In swine, the sperm that survives the freeze-thawing process is more damaged than the sperm of other species [8]. The reasons for this likely involve the substantial amount of boar ejaculate and the weak semen membrane [8]. Boar sperm are very vulnerable to cold temperatures due to the specific composition of phospholipids in the membrane, which differs from that in other animal species [9]. In addition, boar sperm has exceptional sensitivity to cold shocks because their plasma membrane is rich in unsaturated phospholipids and devoid of cholesterol molecules [9]. As a result of these characteristics, the semen membrane to undergo alterations during chilling and freeze-thawing processes that cause it to become unstable thereby impairing acrosome integrity, calcium homeostasis, and generating membrane lipid disorder [10]. During cryopreservation, because low temperatures modify diffusion and osmosis across this structure, changing the chemical, physical, and electrical characteristics of the cell, a variety of cellular activities that are controlled by the plasma membrane take place [11]. This cell injury is referred to as cold shock. When the plasma membrane becomes unstable at temperatures below 5°C, it can have a severe impact on Ca2+ homeostasis, membrane lipid disorder, and acrosome integrity. Many proteins undergo functional modifications during cryopreservation, including semen metabolism-related enzymes, proteins involved in capacitation and acrosome reaction, proteins related to membrane and structure, and proteins related to apoptosis [12]. All of these changes have an impact on the sperm’s biological functioning, structural integrity, and potential for fertilization. To investigate the mechanism of cryodamage, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis has been utilized to identify alterations in proteins in semen in order to investigate the process of cryodamage, and several differently expressed proteins have been discovered in human [13], sea bass [14], sheep [15], chicken [16], and carp semen [17] after cryopreservation. However, it is still unknown how boar semen changed proteomically after being cryopreserved. At present, in proteomic research, the methods used for quantifying proteins have developed into a combination of isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) and liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) [18]. Proteomics is a potent analytical method for identifying distinct proteins and elucidating the molecular and biophysical decentralised animal quality control. More accurate expression patterns of boar sperm proteins may be analyzed using a protein chip method as iTRAQ [18], to understand the mechanism underlying the cryodamage of boar semen. Unfortunately, information on the proteome of cryopreserved boar semen is currently very limited [19]. Therefore, in the present study, the iTRAQ 8-Plex labeling system was employed to identify sperm proteins differentially expressed between fresh and frozen-thawed Duroc boar semen.

The purpose of this study was to investigate changes in the proteins of fresh and frozen-thawed semen to understand the primary mechanism and process of cryodamage in semen. Analysis of sperm protein alterations at the proteome level during freeze-thawing offers several potential applications and research value.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Semen collection

Each ejaculate with a sperm-rich fraction was collected manually using the gloved-hand method from mature 5 Duroc stud boars (14.4 ± 0.8 months old). The experiment was performed in two replicates. Gelatinous material contained in the collected semen samples was removed using 100-μm semen filter paper and the semen samples were diluted with an equal volume (1:1 ratio v/v) of isothermal Beltsville Thawing Solution (BTS; Kruuse, Langeskov, Denmark) at ambient temperature. The diluted semen samples were brought to the laboratory at 25°C within 30 min, and then the quality of ejaculates was evaluated through CASA (ISASv1; Proiser, Valencia, Spain) as sperm motility > 80% and deformation ratio < 15%. The diluted semen samples were split into two parts, one of which was utilized for the cryopreservation analysis, while the other was used for a pooled sample made up of an equal amount of sperm from all animals. The semen collection procedure was approved and implemented in accordance with the standards established by the National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration (Republic of Korea).

Semen cryopreservation

The semen was freeze-thawed with several modifications according to the method described by Westendorf et al. [20]. Diluted semen samples were kept for 2 h at 15°C and then centrifuged at 800×g for 10 min at 17°C. After get rid of the supernatant, the semen pellet was suspended with lactose-egg yolk extender consisting of 11% (v/v) α-lactose and 20% hen’s egg yolk (LEY) to give a final concentration of 1.5 × 109 sperm cells/ml. After stirring slowly, the semen was maintained in a refrigerator (5°C) to further cool for 90 min. The samples in pre-cooled straw racks were transferred into a 5°C chamber. The samples were cooled at −6℃/min from +5°C to −6°C, held for 1 min for crystallization, and cooled thereafter at −40°C/min from −6°C to −80°C and at −60°C/min from −80°C to −150°C, before being plunged into −196°C liquid nitrogen for storage. The straws were defrosted in a water bath with moving water at 37°C for 30 secs. After performing a quality check on the frozen-thawed semen to make sure that each straw had sperm motility that above 30%, the validated semen samples were combined for further analysis.

Protein extraction

Fresh and frozen-thawed semen samples were centrifuged to remove supernatant containing seminal plasma and cryoprotectants at 800×g for 10 min. Each sample was re-suspended in a lysis buffer (8 M urea, 4% CHAPS, 1% IPG buffer, 65 mM dithiothreitol [DTT]) containing trypsin (VA9000, Promega, Madison, WI, USA) and a protease inhibitor cocktail (Roche, Basel, Switzerland) with a tiny quantity of silica beads, followed by ultrasonication (UP50H, Hielscher Ultrasonics GmbH, Teltow, Germany) under 40 Hz, 60 pulses for 15 min on ice. Thereafter, the extracted crude proteins were further purified using ReadyPrep 2-D Cleanup kit (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA, USA) and underwent a reductive alkylation reaction. The quantification of the protein extracts was measured by the Bradford method [21].

Proteins extracted from fresh and frozen-thawed semen (1 × 109 sperm cells/ml of each sample) were incubated for 20 min in 2 M thiourea, 500 µL of 8 M urea, 65 mM DTT, 2% CHAPS and protease inhibitor cocktail (Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Mannheim, Germany). After denaturation, proteins (30 μg) were loaded into the top of 10% sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The molecular weight standard ladder was obtained from Thermo Scientific (PageRulerTM Plus Prestained Protein Ladder, 10 to 250 kDa).

isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification labeling

Cation-exchange ProteinChip CM10 Spin Columns (Bio-Rad Laboratories) were used to separate fresh and frozen-thawed sperm surface proteins. Semen samples with 300 µL of binding buffer were left at an ambient temperature for 30 min, centrifuged at 3,200×g for 30 s to remove the reaction frame, and washed three times with 500 µL of binding buffer. Total proteins were collected by eluting with NaCl solutions at concentrations of 0.5, 1, and 2 M.

A portion of the protein combination (100 µg) was once again precipitated in cold acetone before being dissolved in 50% TEAB (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) with 1% SDS. Using The bicinchoninic acid protein test, the samples’ protein content was measured, and the samples were kept in a freezer at −80°C for iTRAQ analysis. The 8-Plex iTRAQ labeling kit’s procedure was followed when the protein pellets were dissolved in 30 L of 50% TEAB with 70 l of isopropanol and tagged (FS360-20-10-CE; Applied Biosystems, Waltham, MA, USA). During the labeling, the digested protein samples of fresh and frozen-thawed semen were given the iTRAQ tags 117 and 119, respectively. Pooling and drying were then treated on iTRAQ-labeled samples in a vacuum freeze-dryer for surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (SELDI-TOF MS).

ProteinChip surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry analysis

ProteinChip array (Ciphergen Biosystems, Fremont, CA, USA) was used for fresh and frozen-thawed semen samples, with cation exchange (CM10), anion exchange (Q10), and hydrogen surface (H50) arrays. The binding buffer used was 100 mM NaCl (pH 4.0) for CM10, 100 mM Tris-HCl (pH 9.0) for Q10, and 0.5% trifluoroacetic acid in 10% acetonitrile for H50. After air-drying with removal of the biosensor, the sample spot was sprayed with 1 μl of 50% sinapinic acid and analyzed using a PBSIIc Protein Chip Reader (Serise-4000, Ciphergen Biosystems, Fremont, CA, USA). Finally, the output data were recorded at about 150–200 laser wavelengths per section. For molecular mass detection, accuracy of PBSIIc, precise calibration was performed using the ProteinChip Protein Calibrant Kit (Cat No., C10-00001, Bio-Rad Laboratories). To reduce the fluidity of the result, the experiment was conducted simultaneously, and samples under the same conditions were pulled out. Triplicate profiles per sample were obtained by SELDI-TOF MS.

Functional annotation and protein–protein interaction

The sperm proteins that were expressed differentially between fresh and frozen-thawed semen were manually annotated using two functional annotation tools, UniProtKB and DAVID. Gene Ontology (GO) terms and pathways for identified proteins were retrieved using the downloaded UniProtKB database, which contains a total of 172,062,311 entries. These proteins’ functional analysis was done using the Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery (DAVID Bioinformatics Resources 6.8). We also conducted GO enrichment and network analyses using ClueGO (v. 2.5.8) in Cytoscape v. 3.9.1. Enrichment of GO terms was assessed by a two-sided hypergeometric test corrected using the Bonferroni step-down approach and GO terms with a corrected p < 0.05 were considered significant. Additionally, we used a Kappa score (term/pathway connectivity) of 0.4 in advanced selection options. To elucidate the interactions among differentially expressed sperm proteins, an interaction network was designed using STRING online database (v11.5).

RESULTS

Differentially expressed proteins identified in fresh and frozen-thawed boar semen

SELDI-TOF MS confirmed the proteins that differed in expression between fresh and frozen-thawed boar semen. Approximately 150 protein peaks were found for each of the CM10, Q19, and H50array. The CM10 array showed more differentially expressed protein peaks (>3-fold change) between the fresh and frozen-thawed semen, among the proteinChips above mentioned (Fig. 1A). Purification and elution were carried out with fresh and frozen sperm through into the same cation exchange proteinChip CM10 spin column. The overall separation patterns of the differentially expressed proteins were observed by SDS-PAGE (Fig. 1B). The efficiency of labeling with iTRAQ reagents was 93.9%, and 76 proteins were identified to be expressed differentially between fresh and frozen-thawed semen using iTRAQ. The entry names were obtained from UniProtKB for all of the proteins, and Table 1 provides a list of the names and functions of these proteins. Nine proteins were more strongly expressed in frozen-thawed samples than in fresh ones, while the opposite pattern was found for 67 proteins.

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Fig. 1. Protein expression profiling in boar semen. (A) SELDI-TOF-MS spectrums of fresh (upper) and frozen-thawed (bottom) sperm samples. (B) SDS-PAGE analysis of fresh and frozen-thawed sperm samples to show total expression patterns of proteins eluted in NaCl solution. SELDI-TOF MS, surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry; SDS-PAGE, sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
Download Original Figure
Table 1. A list of proteins with increased expression levels in fresh and frozen-thawed boar spermatozoa
No. Accession Entry name Protein name Gene name Fold change (log2)
Fresh spermatozoa
 1 F1SS24 F1SS24_PIG Uncharacterized protein FN1 31.3991
 2 O02705 HS90A_PIG Heat shock protein HSP90-alpha HSP90AA1 13.4940
 3 P26322 AQN1_PIG Carbohydrate-binding protein AQN-1 AQN-1 3.4567
 4 P26776 AWN_PIG Carbohydrate-binding protein AWN AWN 2.9554
 5 I3LHM6 I3LHM6_PIG Alpha-mannosidase MAN2B2 2.8808
 6 F1RI24 F1RI24_PIG CUB domain-containing protein PSP-I 2.4616
 7 P24020 AQN3_PIG Carbohydrate-binding protein AQN-3 AQN-3 2.3824
 8 F1SLF0 F1SLF0_PIG Uncharacterized protein SPR 1.6061
 9 F1RPK0 A0A480ET88_PIG Histone H2A BN2614_LOCUS10 1.5845
Frozen-thawed spermatozoa
 1 F1SJ34 F1SJ34_PIG Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 5A, mitochondrial COX5A −1.5385
 2 P79385 MFGM_PIG Lactadherin MFGE8 −1.5742
 3 F1SF28 F1SF28_PIG Zona pellucida-binding protein 1 ZPBP −1.5919
 4 I3LVQ4 A0A481AMS1_PIG Uncharacterized protein NCOA1 −1.5966
 5 F1S605 F1S605_PIG Glutathione S-transferase GSTM3 −1.6121
 6 A9Y007 A9Y007_PIG Aquaporin 7 AQP7 −1.6396
 7 D5K8A9 SACA1_PIG Sperm acrosome membrane associated protein 1 SPACA1 −1.6822
 8 I3LMP2 I3LMP2_PIG Uncharacterized protein ABHD10 −1.7676
 9 F1RJI7 F1RJI7_PIG Uncharacterized protein Cox6a1 −1.7862
 10 F1SSA1 F1SSA1_PIG Chromosome 1 open reading frame 56 C1orf56 −1.7940
 11 F1RRW4 F1RRW4_PIG Angiotensin-converting enzyme ACE −1.8385
 12 F2Z536 F2Z536_PIG Dynein light chain DYNLL2 −1.9144
 13 I3LK59 I3LK59_PIG Alpha-enolase isoform 1 ENO1 −1.9462
 14 F1SIS9 F1SIS9_PIG NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 10, mitochondrial NDUFA10 −1.9713
 15 Q8MI02 Q8MI02_PIG Hyaluronidase SPAM-1 −2.0370
 16 F1SQN1 F1SQN1_PIG T-complex protein 1 subunit delta CCT4 −2.0600
 17 F1RT87 F1RT87_PIG Ras-related protein Rab-2A isoform a RAB2A −2.1284
 18 F1RQI1 F1RQI1_PIG Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7A2, mitochondrial COX7A2 −2.1484
 19 P00571 KAD1_PIG Adenylate kinase isoenzyme 1 AK1 −2.1770
 20 D9U8D1 D9U8D1_PIG Dynein light chain LC8 −2.1872
 21 F1RI18 F1RI18_PIG Uncharacterized protein UQCRQ −2.2569
 22 F1RRQ6 F1RRQ6_PIG LRRC37AB_C domain containing protein LOC102158372 −2.2789
 23 F1SLA0 F1SLA0_PIG ATP synthase subunit beta ATP5F1B −2.3036
 24 Q29549 CLUS_PIG Clusterin CLU −2.3829
 25 F1SM79 F1SM79_PIG Uncharacterized protein PKDREJ −2.4067
 26 F1RPS8 F1RPS8_PIG ATP synthase subunit alpha ATP5F1A −2.4819
 27 F1SDN2 F1SDN2_PIG Trifunctional enzyme subunit beta, mitochondrial isoform X1 HADHB −2.5090
 28 P00348 HCDH_PIG Hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase, mitochondrial HADH −2.5180
 29 I3LB44 I3LB44_PIG Malate dehydrogenase ENSSSCG00000022810 −2.5453
 30 Q28983 ZAN_PIG Zonadhesin ZAN −2.5518
 31 C1JEX7 C1JEX7_PIG Sperm associated antigen 6 SPAG6 −2.5748
 32 F2Z5G3 F2Z5G3_PIG Calmodulin-2 isoform 1 CALM2 −2.5810
 33 F1SD45 F1SD45_PIG cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha PRKACA −2.6196
 34 F1SLY2 A0A4X1VWT5_PIG Uncharacterized protein NDUFA5 −2.6405
Download Excel Table
Gene Ontology

All GO terms associated with biological processes (a), cellular components (b), and molecular functions (c) relating to the 76 proteins differentially expressed between fresh and frozen-thawed boar semen were generated using DAVID. The eight main GO terms in the category of biological processes included the regulation of nitric oxide biosynthetic process (1), glycolytic process (2), response to unfolded proteins (3), protein kinase A signaling (4), sperm capacitation (5), respiratory electron transport chain (6), catalytic activity (7), and mitochondrial electron transport (8) from NADH to ubiquinone. The cellular component ontology category describes the location and levels of subcellular structures, and macromolecular complexes of proteins. The identified 76 proteins that were differentially expressed between fresh and frozen-thawed semen were localized mostly in the acrosomal membrane, sperm principal piece, mitochondrial matrix, acrosomal vesicle, sperm fibrous sheath, plasma membrane raft, pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, and germinal vesicle. Regarding molecular functions, DAVID analysis also revealed that 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity, cytochrome c oxidase activity, enoyl-CoA oxidase activity, long-chain-3-hydroxacyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity, peptidyl-dipeptidase activity, protein kinase A binding, carboxypeptidase activity, and pyruvate dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity were the most relevant molecular functions of the proteins differentially expressed between fresh and frozen-thawed semen.

Protein–protein interaction network analysis

A functional interaction network of the 76 identified proteins was generated using Cytoscape software. The Cytoscape plugin Clue GO allowed analysis of the GO and biological processes in context with other interacting proteins. Of the 76 proteins, 63 were successfully mapped to the UniProtKB database, while this failed for the other 13. Our network map revealed that the differentially expressed proteins mainly participated in oxidative phosphorylation, mitochondrial inner membrane and matrix, pyruvate metabolic processes, sperm flagellum, motile cilium, extracellular organelle, unfolded protein binding, and single fertilization (Fig. 2). In an additional comprehensive analysis of the molecular network among the 76 identified proteins, direct and indirect molecular interactions were evaluated using STRING version 11. On the basis of the STRING online network analysis website, we uploaded the 76 genes to the STRING database, resulting in successful integration of 63 genes into one module (Fig. 3).

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Fig. 2. 76 proteins are expressed in the network with the reproductive functions in fresh and frozen-thawed boar semen. Each node represents a GO biological process, and their colors are associated with the functions of each GO group. The edges describe the interaction of the terms based on similarity of related genes. ATP, adenosine triphosphate; GO, Gene Ontology.
Download Original Figure
jast-65-2-401-g3
Fig. 3. Protein-to-protein interactions in fresh and frozen-thawed boar semen according to STRING network analysis. The edges describe the functional interactions of differentially expressed proteins.
Download Original Figure

DISCUSSION

The conventional approach for exploring the mechanism behind cryo-damage of sperm is 2D gel electrophoresis. To detect quantitative variations in semen proteins after cryopreservation, it is being used in animal species including human [13], sheep [15], chicken [16], carp [17], and sea bass [14]. Considering the expression characteristics of proteins identified through 2D gel electrophoresis, the degree of expression of protein spots is not consistent due to the difference in the analytical conditions and hand rings of the workers [22]. Gel-free approaches are increasingly used for the profiling and quantification of proteins/peptides in a high-quality manner [23]. Furthermore, SELDI-TOF MS has advantages in basic research discovery of protein–protein interactions, As well as suggesting rapid protein expression profiles from various biological samples [23]. A robust proteomic method, such as iTRAQ, can produce analytical data to discover proteins that are produced differently and clarify the biochemical and biophysical processes that underlie animal quality control [18].

To this end, the iTRAQ 2D LC-MS/MS technique was used to perform comparative protein profiling on fresh and frozen boar sperm. We demonstrated more differentially expressed proteins in the CM10 sequence (Fig. 1A). Overall, the fresh sperm showed a high pick. however, a part of the frozen-thawed sperm showed a higher pick than the fresh sperm. Other studies suggested that cryopreservation-induced membrane reorganization and ultrastructural changes in the sperm plasma membrane may lead to bilayer faults that could facilitate an influx of extracellular calcium into the semen [24,25]. It seems the value of some factors has increased as the sperm membrane has adapted to the changing environment during cryopreservation. Also, SDS-PAGE electrophoresis revealed the overall pattern of differentially expressed proteins (Fig. 1B). A total of 76 proteins that were expressed differentially were found and measured, including 9 proteins present at higher levels in fresh sperm (Table 1) and 67 proteins present at higher levels in frozen-dissolved sperm (Table 1). A functional interaction network of these proteins was designed using Cytoscape software. Cytoscape’s CleGO plug-in allowed for finding associated protein networks using a database. The biological process grouped 76 proteins into nine nodes for association, and described the nodes according to their main functions. It was revealed that they mainly participated in oxidative phosphorylation, mitochondrial inner membrane and matrix, pyruvate metabolic processes, sperm flagellum, motile cilium, extracellular organelle, unfolded protein binding, and single fertilization (Fig. 2). The protein-protein interaction network was analyzed by STRING. The analysis established a network according to the structural, functional, and evolutionary properties of proteins and provided a new direction for future experimental studies. After cryopreservation, according to string analysis, the majority of proteins were connected to different sperm features, including sperm energy metabolism, sperm structure, and fertilization. In particular, the classified functions included oxidative phosphorylation, mitochondrial inner membrane and matrix, and pyruvate metabolic processes, which are involved in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis; and sperm flagellum and motile cilium, which are involved in sperm tail structure. (Fig. 3). Therefore, the proteins differentially expressed between fresh and frozen-thawed boar semen may be involved in sperm energy metabolism and flagellum structure. By exploiting the advantages of iTRAQ, it is possible to quantify multiple protein samples simultaneously in the same LC-MS/MS run.

Chen et al. [19] reported that 41 proteins were identified as being differentially expressed between fresh and frozen-thawed Yorkshire boar semen, of which 35 proteins were expressed more highly in frozen-thawed semen than in their fresh counterparts, while the opposite pattern was shown for 6 proteins. The high/low ratio (35/6; 5.83) of differentially expressed proteins in their study was not dissimilar to our ratio (67/9; 7.44, Table 1). The difference in the total number of proteins identified as being differentially expressed may be due to the difference in fractionation column, LC-MS/MS system, and/or annotation tool, rather than the boar strain. The high sensitivity of boar semen to cryopreservation or cold shock may be associated with the large volume of ejaculate and the fragile nature of the semen membrane [9,10], which is deficient in cholesterol molecules and abundant in unsaturated phospholipids.

In conclusion, our results in this study suggest possible network formation of biomarkers associated with survival rates after freeze-thawing of boar semen, and are expected to provide more accurate information on expression proteins in the distribution of differential proteins expressed after freeze-thawing of boar sperm and to contribute to research related to sperm survival after freeze-thawing.

Competing interests

No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Funding sources

This work was carried out with the support of “Cooperative Research Program for Agriculture Science & Technology Development (Project No. PJ01359301)” Rural Development Administration, Korea.

Acknowledgements

We wish to thank Seung-Min Ha and Moo-Young Chung, Ph.D. students at the Department of Animal Resource Development, National Institute of Animal Science, Republic of Korea, for their help with semen collection. ProteinChip analysis was performed in part at the Medical Research Core Facilities (BioInfra SELDI team) at Seoul National University, Korea.

Availability of data and material

Upon reasonable request, the datasets of this study can be available from the corresponding author.

Authors’ contributions

Conceptualization: Kim YM, Park SW, Cho ES, Chung HJ.

Data curation: Jeon DY, Sa SJ, Jeong YD.

Formal analysis: Choi JW.

Methodology: Cho ES, Chung HJ.

Software: Seong HS.

Validation: Hochi S, Chung HJ.

Investigation: Lee MJ, Cho ES, Chung HJ.

Writing - original draft: Lee MJ, Cho ES.

Writing - review & editing: Kim YM, Park SW, Lee MJ, Jeon DY, Sa SJ, Jeong YD, Seong HS, Choi JW, Hochi S, Cho ES, Chung HJ.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

All animal experimental procedures were approved by the National Institute of Animal Science Animal Care and Ethics Committee in Korea (approval number NIAS-109).

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